Evaluation of a commercial double-recognition ELISA for caprine tuberculosis diagnosis: Sensitivity, specificity, and correlation to macroscopic and microscopic lesions.

Ante-mortem diagnosis of caprine tuberculosis, as in other ruminant species, is a complex process. Therefore, it is sometimes necessary to apply a combination of methods that increases the sensitivity of diagnosis while maintaining adequate specificity. In the present study, we analysed the use of ELISA based on a double-recognition methodology for the diagnosis of goat tuberculosis. Serum samples from animals with tuberculosis, confirmed by histopathological studies and presence of Ziehl-Neelsen-positive bacteria in the lesions, were used to assess sensitivity. Sera from flocks without tuberculosis were used to assess diagnostic specificity. The relationship between ELISA results and the type of tuberculous lesions, both macroscopic and microscopic, was analysed. The sensitivity and specificity of ELISA test were 69.9% and 97.9%, respectively. Sensitivity was higher in animals with macroscopic lesions, indicating more advanced forms of the disease. Similarly, a higher sensitivity was found in animals with microscopic lesions associated with active tuberculosis, such as cavitary lesions.

Análisis cuantitativo del COVID-19 y sus impactos psicológicos y educativos en estudiantes universitarios y de secundaria en Córdoba, España / Quantitative analysis of COVID-19 and its psychological and educational impacts on university and secondary students in Córdoba, Spain

Introducción La pandemia COVID-19, que empezó en Wuhan, China, a finales del 2019, y, que hoy amenaza a todos los habitantes del planeta, configura el tema de investigación prioritaria en la actualidad. En este contexto, este artículo enfoca la manera en que este problema de salud afecta directamente al estado psicológico y educativo de 344 estudiantes universitarios y de secundaria, en Córdoba, España. Material y métodos Para el análisis se ha empleado el modelo de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM), a través de la cuantificación de un conjunto de relaciones entre una o más variables independientes, intentando condensar el escenario de pandemia y sus implicaciones sanitarias, psicológicas y educativas. Resultados La primera variable latente «Salud», es causal de la variable latente «Psicología», y de las variables endógenas «efectos relaciones sociales», «efectos tristeza» y «efectos sexualidad», lo cual confirma que la COVID-19 afectó seriamente al comportamiento psicológico de los estudiantes de universidad y de secundaria de Córdoba (AU)

Introduccion The COVID-19 pandemic that began in Wuhan, China, at the end of 2019, and which today threatens all the inhabitants of the planet, is currently the priority research topic. In this context, this article focuses on how this health problem directly affects the psychological and educational status of 344 university and high school students in Córdoba, Spain. Material and methods For the analysis, the structural equation model (SEM) has been used, through the quantification of a set of relationships between one or more independent variables, trying to condense the pandemic scenario and its health, psychological and educational implications. Results The first latent variable “Health” is causal of the latent variable “Psychology”, and, of the endogenous variables, “social relations effects”, “sadness effects” and “sexuality effects”, which confirms that the COVID-19 seriously affected the psychological behavior of university and high school students in Córdoba (AU)

[Quantitative analysis of COVID-19 and its psychological and educational impacts on university and secondary students in Córdoba, Spain]. / Análisis cuantitativo del COVID-19 y sus impactos psicológicos y educativos en estudiantes universitarios y de secundaria en Córdoba, España.

INTRODUCCION: The COVID-19 pandemic that began in Wuhan, China, at the end of 2019, and which today threatens all the inhabitants of the planet, is currently the priority research topic. In this context, this article focuses on how this health problem directly affects the psychological and educational status of 344 university and high school students in Córdoba, Spain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: For the analysis, the structural equation model (SEM) has been used, through the quantification of a set of relationships between one or more independent variables, trying to condense the pandemic scenario and its health, psychological and educational implications. RESULTS: The first latent variable "Health" is causal of the latent variable "Psychology", and, of the endogenous variables, "social relations effects", "sadness effects" and "sexuality effects", which confirms that the COVID-19 seriously affected the psychological behavior of university and high school students in Córdoba.

Morfología de los aneurismas aislados de la aorta descendente. Estudio morfométrico / Morphology of isolated aneurysms of the descending aorta. Morpometric study

Se presenta un trabajo descriptivo y retrospectivo de la valoración de los aneurismas de aorta descendente, con criterio de indicación terapéutica quirúrgica, con el fin de evaluar diferentes datos demográficos, como la edad, el sexo, factores de riesgo, morfologíade los aneurismas y los datos del principal objetivo del estudio en lo que respecta a la morfometría tanto la longitud del aneurisma,su diámetro, el grosor del trombo y diámetro del cuello y longitud proximal y distal. Estos datos no son aportados en la bibliografíapor lo que consideramos que disponer de los mismos desde el punto de vista estadístico supone una aportación en lo que se refierea la planificación operatoria de los aneurismas de aorta torácica descendente, zona del vaso donde se ha centrado el estudio, ala vez que puede indicar las medidas más frecuentes de endoprótesis que se van a requerir más frecuentemente en el tratamientoendovascular de este tipo de patología. (AU)

A descriptive and retrospective study of the evaluation of aneurysms of the descending aorta is presented, with surgical therapeuticindication criteria, in order to evaluate different demographic data, such as age, sex, risk factors, morphology of the aneurysms andthe data from the main objective of the study with regard to morphometry, both the length of the aneurysm, its diameter, the thickness of the thrombus and diameter of the neck and proximal and distal length. These data are not provided in the literature, so weconsider that having them from a statistical point of view represents a contribution in terms of surgical planning of aneurysms of thedescending thoracic aorta, the area of the vessel where the focus has been the study, at the same time that it can indicate the mostfrequent measures of endoprosthesis that will be required more frequently in the endovascular treatment of this type of pathology. (AU)

Estudio descriptivo de las características de los tumores invasivos en la vena cava inferior / Descriptive study of the characteristics of invasive tumors in the inferior vena cava

Se realiza por los autores, un trabajo descriptivo y retrospectivo con el fin de analizar los pacientes tratados a nivel de la vena cavainferior, por cirugía oncológica indicada en el tratamiento de tumores de vísceras abdominales y de perfil hematológico. Se analizandiferentes aspectos de los enfermos estudiados, desde los datos demográficos de edad, sexo y también el tipo de tumor causa de lainvasión de la vena cava. Se valoran distintos parámetros relacionados con las características de la situación invasiva venosa deltumor, incluidos datos sobre la operabilidad, técnicas vasculares realizadas en el tratamiento de los pacientes y también los resultados obtenidos a corto y medio plazo. (AU)

The authors carry out a descriptive and retrospective study in order to analyze the patients treated at the level of the inferiorvena cava, for oncological surgery indicated in the treatment of tumors of the abdominal viscera and with a hematological profile.Different aspects of the patients studied are analyzed, from the demographic data of age, sex and also the type of tumor causingthe invasion of the vena cava. Different parameters related to the characteristics of the venous invasive situation of the tumor areassessed, including data on operability, vascular techniques performed in the treatment of patients and also the results obtained in the short and medium term. (AU)

Density assessment and reporting for Phlebotomus perniciosus and other sand fly species in periurban residential estates in Spain.

Green periurban residential areas in Mediterranean countries have flourished in the last decades and become foci for leishmaniasis. To remedy the absence of information on vector ecology in these environments, we examined phlebotomine sand fly distribution in 29 sites in Murcia City over a 3-year period, including the plots of 20 detached houses and nine non-urbanized sites nearby. We collected 5,066 specimens from five species using "sticky" interception and light attraction traps. The relative frequency of the main Leishmania infantum vector Phlebotomus perniciosus in these traps was 32% and 63%, respectively. Sand fly density was widely variable spatially and temporally and greatest in non-urbanized sites, particularly in caves and abandoned buildings close to domestic animal holdings. Phlebotomus perniciosus density in house plots was positively correlated with those in non-urbanized sites, greatest in larger properties with extensive vegetation and non-permanently lived, but not associated to dog presence or a history of canine leishmaniasis. Within house plots, sand fly density was highest in traps closest to walls. Furthermore, the study provides a guideline for insect density assessment and reporting and is envisioned as a building block towards the development of a pan-European database for robust investigation of environmental determinants of sand fly distribution.

Trabecular and cortical bone involvement in rheumatoid arthritis by DXA and DXA-based 3D modelling.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients had a higher risk of developing low bone mineral density (BMD) or osteoporosis. RA patients on classic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (c-DMARD) therapy showed significantly lower BMD than controls, while no significant differences in most parameters were found between RA patients receiving biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (b-DMARDs) and controls. The 3D analysis allowed us to find changes in the trabecular and cortical compartments. INTRODUCTION: To evaluate cortical and trabecular bone involvement of the hip in RA patients by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and 3D analysis. The secondary end-point was to evaluate bone involvement in patients treated with classic (c-DMARD) or biological (b-DMARD) disease-modifying antirheumatic drug therapies and the effect of the duration of the disease and corticosteroid therapy on 3D parameters. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 105 RA patients and 100 subjects as a control group (CG) matched by age, sex, and BMI was carried out. BMD was measured by DXA of the bilateral femoral neck (FN) and total hip (TH). The 3D analyses including trabecular and cortical BMD were performed on hip scans with the 3D-Shaper software. RESULTS: FN and TH BMD and trabecular and cortical vBMD were significantly lower in RA patients. The c-DMARD (n = 75) group showed significantly lower trabecular and cortical vBMD than the CG. Despite the lower values, the b-DMARD group (n = 30) showed no significant differences in most parameters compared with the CG. The trabecular and cortical 3D parameters were significantly lower in the group with an RA disease duration of 1 to 5 years than in the CG, and the trabecular vBMD was significantly lower in the group with a duration of corticosteroid therapy of 1 to 5 years than in the CG, while no significant differences were found by standard DXA in the same period. CONCLUSIONS: RA patients had a higher risk of developing low BMD or osteoporosis than controls. RA patients receiving c-DMARD therapy showed significantly lower BMD than controls, while no significant differences in most parameters were found between RA patients receiving b-DMARDs and controls. 3D-DXA allowed us to find changes in trabecular and cortical bone compartments in RA patients.

Médicos y sanitarios en el desastre de annual (1921) / Doctors and sanitary in the annual disaster (1921)

El conocido como Desastre de Annual, es una de las más trágicas derrotas sufridas por el ejército español a lo largo de su historia y no solo por el número de muertos y heridos que dio a lugar, sino también por las repercusiones sociales y políticas que tuvo en el país el acontecimiento. Protagonismo destacado en estos hechos el de los integrantes de la Sanidad Militar y en especial médicos, de aquel ejercito derrotado que tuvieron que atender a los heridos y que muchos de ellos fueron muertos en cumplimiento de su deber e incluso en combate. Se expone las circunstancias en las que actuaron, desde las instalaciones sanitarias, medios de trasporte o su actuación en las unidades militares en las que estaban adscritos. (AU)

Known as Annual Disaster, it is one of the most tragic defeats suffered by the Spanish army throughout its history and not only because of the number of deaths and injuries that it resulted, but also because of the social and political repercussions it had. in the country the event. Prominent leading role in these events is that of the members of the Military Health Service and especially doctors, of that defeated army who had to attend to the wounded and many of them were killed in the line of duty and even in combat. The circumstances in which they acted, from the health facilities, means of transportation or their performance in the military units in which they were assigned are exposed. (AU)

Estenosis del tronco celíaco. estudio Retrospectivo de su tratamiento endovascular / Stenosis of the celiac trunk. Retrospective study of its endovascular treatment

La oclusión parcial de la arteria celiaca o tronco celiaco es una patología generalmente de origen ateroscleroso que puede ocasionar isquemia a nivel de las vísceras digestivas de la cavidad abdominal y especialmente del intestino. Tradicionalmente se ha considerado que para tener repercusión clínica debería de afectarse por lo menos dos de las tres arterias digestivas en mayor o menor grado y esta situación es la que se mostraba como base de la actuación quirúrgica terapéutica. Con la llegada de la era endovascular, con la posibilidad de realización de procedimientos quirúrgicos menos agresivos se han incrementado las indicaciones terapéuticas realizándose los procedimientos de forma preventiva para evitar el cierre u oclusión total del vaso arterial. Se realiza un estudio prospectivo de la experiencia del servicio con la utilización de procedimeintos endovasculares. (AU)

The partial occlusion of the celiac artery or celiac trunk is a disease generally of atherosclerosis origin that can cause ischemia at the level of the digestive viscera of the abdominal cavity and especially the intestine. Traditionally, it has been considered that in order to have clinical repercussion, at least two of the three digestive arteries should be affected to a greater or lesser degree and this situation is the one that was shown as the basis of therapeutic surgical action. With the arrival of the endovascular era, with the possibility of performing less aggressive surgical procedures, the therapeutic indications have increased, with the procedures being carried out preventively to avoid the closure or total occlusion of the arterial vessel. A prospective study of the service’s experience with the use of endovascular procedures is carried out. (AU)

Paraganglionas del cuerpo carotídeo. Nuestra experiencia / Carotid body paraganglioma. Our experience

El paraganglioma carotídeo, es un tumor considerado benigno que se origina a partir de las células del corpúsculo carotideo. Suubicación es a nivel del cuello en la bifurcación carotídea entre las arterias carótida interna y externa. Se realiza en el trabajo, unanálisis descriptivo, retrospectivo de estos tumores tratados en un periodo de 40 años. Se analizan datos demográficos con respectoal sexo y edad de presentación y otros morfológicos de tamaño y extensión, adscribiéndoles en los diferentes tipos de acuerdo a laclasificación de Shamblin. Se valora el tipo de tratamiento quirúrgico practicado y los resultados obtenidos. (AU)

Paraganglioma is a benign tumor that originates from the cells of the carotid corpuscle. Its location is at the level of the neck at thecarotid bifurcation between the internal and external carotid arteries. A retrospective analysis of these tumors treated over a periodof 40 years is carried out at work. Demographic data with respect to sex and age of presentation and other morphological data ofsize and extension are analyzed, assigning them to the different types according to the Shamblin classification. The type of surgicaltreatment performed and the results obtained are assessed. (AU)

El declive del cirujano. De barberos a intervencionistas pasando por cirujanos / The decline of the surgeon. From barber to interventionists going through surgeons

La historia del perfil del cirujano como profesional de la medicina no se puede decir que data del principio de los tiempos como quizá pueda afirmarse de la del médico. El cirujano como tal se empezó a diferenciarse por esta actividad en la edad media por lotanto su historia data menos de 1000 años. Esta profesión nace con la realización de actividades consideradas quirúrgicas fundamentalmente al actuar sobre las dolencias con las manos o con instrumentos por parte de unos profesionales que se dedicaban a otras actividades como la barbería y que no tenían en general estudios médicos. Con el tiempo, el perfil del cirujano se fue acreditando en especial en el siglo XIX con la fundación de los Reales Colegios de Cirujanos en el mundo occidental, incluida España, hasta llegar al siglo XX al que se le ha reconocido y denominado como el siglo de los cirujanos. En siglo XXI se han empezado a desarrollar los denominados procedimientos terapéuticos y han sido desarrollados por la casi totalidad de especialidades, por lo que la figura del cirujano con el perfil de siglos anteriores se puede decir que esta en declive y algunos pensamos que puede llegar hasta su desaparición por lo menos con el perfil que ha tenido hasta casi el momento actual. (AU)

The history of the surgeon’s profile as a medical professional cannot be said to date from the beginning of time as perhaps that of the doctor can be said. The surgeon as such began to differentiate himself by this activity in the Middle Ages, therefore his history dates back less than 1000 years. This profession was born with the performance of activities considered surgical, fundamentally when acting on ailments with the hands or with instruments by professionals who were engaged in other activities such as barbershop and who generally did not have medical studies. Over time, the surgeon’s profile was credited especially in the 19th century with the founding of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons in the Western world, including Spain, until the 20th century, which has been recognized and referred to as the 20th century. of surgeons. In the 21st century, the so-called therapeutic procedures have begun tobe developed and have been developed by almost all specialties, so that the figure of the surgeon with the profile of previous centuries can be said to be in decline and some of us think that it may go as far as his disappearance at least with the profile that he has had until almost the present moment. (AU)

Prediction of osteoporotic hip fracture in postmenopausal women through patient-specific FE analyses and machine learning.

A great challenge in osteoporosis clinical assessment is identifying patients at higher risk of hip fracture. Bone Mineral Density (BMD) measured by Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) is the current gold-standard, but its classification accuracy is limited to 65%. DXA-based Finite Element (FE) models have been developed to predict the mechanical failure of the bone. Yet, their contribution has been modest. In this study, supervised machine learning (ML) is applied in conjunction with clinical and computationally driven mechanical attributes. Through this multi-technique approach, we aimed to obtain a predictive model that outperforms BMD and other clinical data alone, as well as to identify the best-learned ML classifier within a group of suitable algorithms. A total number of 137 postmenopausal women (81.4 ± 6.95 years) were included in the study and separated into a fracture group (n = 89) and a control group (n = 48). A semi-automatic and patient-specific DXA-based FE model was used to generate mechanical attributes, describing the geometry, the impact force, bone structure and mechanical response of the bone after a sideways-fall. After preprocessing the whole dataset, 19 attributes were selected as predictors. Support Vector Machine (SVM) with radial basis function (RBF), Logistic Regression, Shallow Neural Networks and Random Forest were tested through a comprehensive validation procedure to compare their predictive performance. Clinical attributes were used alone in another experimental setup for the sake of comparison. SVM was confirmed to generate the best-learned algorithm for both experimental setups, including 19 attributes and only clinical attributes. The first, generated the best-learned model and outperformed BMD by 14pp. The results suggests that this approach could be easily integrated for effective prediction of hip fracture without interrupting the actual clinical workflow.

Aneurismas de la arteria poplítea. experiencia de un centro en un periodo de 10 años / Aneurisms of popliteal artery. experience of a center in a period of 10 years

Los aneurismas de la arteria poplítea son una patología relativamente frecuente al constituir los de mayor incidencia y prevalencia dentro de los periféricos. Este tipo de patología, presenta una serie de peculiaridades de acuerdo a datos demográficos y también con respecto a formas y tipos de presentación. La clínica se centra especialmente en su perfil de bultoma que late y expande y en las complicaciones de frecuente presentación. Su tratamiento quirúrgico está basado en opciones terapéuticas de cirugía abierta y cirugía convencional. Se presenta la experiencia de un solo centro durante diez años en la atención de esta patología

Popliteal artery aneurysms are a relatively frequent pathology as they are those with the highest incidence and prevalence within the peripherals. This type of pathology presents a series of peculiarities according to demographic data and also with respect to forms and types of presentation. The clinic focuses especially on its profile of beating and expanding lump and on complications that frequently appear. His surgical treatment is based on therapeutic options of open surgery and conventional surgery. The experience of a single center for ten years in the care of this pathology is presented

Tratamiento endovascular de los aneurismas de arteria renal / Endovascular treatment of renal artery aneurisms

El aneurisma de la arteria renal se puede considerar como una entidad poco frecuente, con una incidencia que se cifra en el 0,09% de la población general. En la mayoría de las ocasiones se considera esta patología cuando se presenta, como un hallazgo incidental, tras evaluaciones diagnósticas utilizando resonancia nuclear magnética, tomografía axial computarizada, y estudios arteriográficos, realizados para otros fines diagnósticos. Las características clínicas y el manejo de los aneurismas de la arteria renal en general, han sido aportados en la bibliografía a través de pequeñas series de casos, que presentan un pequeño número de pacientes. Hasta hace poco ha existido controversia sobre el tratamiento de tos aneurismas, específicamente, en lo que respecta al tamaño del que requiere un tratamiento quirúrgico, de cómo realizar la reparación y como hacer el seguimiento de aquellos que se consideran no quirúrgicos. También presenta controversia, la causa etiológica, su relación con la hipertensión y otros factores. Por otro lado, a medida que avanza la terapia endovascular y se aplica preferentemente en otras afecciones vasculares, el resultado a largo plazo y la durabilidad del tratamiento con cirugía abierta o endovascular de los aneurismas de la arteria renal, debe ser documentado para la comparación

Aneurysm of the renal artery can be considered as a rare entity, with an incidence that is estimated at 0.09% of the general population. In most cases this pathology is considered when it is presented, as an incidental finding, after diagnostic evaluations using magnetic nuclear resonance, computed tomography, and arteriographic studies performed for other diagnostic purposes. The clinical characteristics and the management of renal artery aneurysms in general have been contributed in the literature through small series of cases, which present a small number of patients. Until recently there has been controversy about the treatment of aneurysm coughs, specifically, regarding the size of the one that requires surgical treatment, how to perform the repair and how to follow up on those that are considered non-surgical. It also presents controversy, the etiological cause, its relationship with hypertension and other factors. On the other hand, as endovascular therapy progresses and is preferably applied in other vascular conditions, the long-term outcome and durability of treatment with open or endovascular surgery of renal artery aneurysms should be documented for comparison

Biografia de rudolf nissen. Uno de los cirujanos mas relevantes del siglo xx / Biography of rudolph nissen. One of the most relevant surgeons of the XX century

Se le reconoce a Rudolf Nissen como uno de los cirujanos más relevantes del siglo XX. Su principal aportación se considera que fue la técnica denominada de fundoplicatura para el tratamiento de la hernia hiatal, aunque realizó otras que no han tenido tanta relevancia científica. También ha sido recordado como el cirujano que trató quirúrgicamente a Albert Einstein de su aneurisma de aorta abdominal, mediante una técnica que no fue efectiva de recubrimiento con película de celofán. Rudolf Nissen inicio su formación y trabajo en Alemania vinculándose como ayudante al prestigioso cirujano Sauerbruch, para posteriormente trasladarse a Turquía potenciando el desarrollo de la cirugía de este país, emigrar más tarde a Estados Unidos trabajando en inicialmente en Boston y más tarde en New York y retornar a Europa exactamente a Basilea para culminar su carrera profesional. Sus orígenes judíos condicionaron su vida, en especial el haber tenido que emigrar de Alemania y su posterior relación con hospitales relacionado con esta comunidad religiosa

Rudolf Nissen is recognized as one of the most relevant surgeons of the 20th century. His main contribution is considered to be the so-called fundoplication technique for the treatment of hiatal hernia, although he performed others that have not had such scientific relevance. He has also been remembered as the surgeon who surgically treated Albert Einstein of his abdominal aortic aneurysm, using a technique that was not effective in coating with cellophane film. Rudolf Nissen began his training and work in Germany by joining the prestigious surgeon Sauerbruch as an assistant, and later moved to Turkey, promoting the development of surgery in this country, emigrating later to the United States working initially in Boston and later in New York and return to Europe exactly to Basel to complete his professional career. His Jewish origins conditioned his life, especially having had to emigrate from Germany and his subsequent relationship with hospitals related to this religious community

Morphometric study of the deep femoral artery in patients with and without total occlusion of the superficial femoral artery

The profunda femoral or deep femoral artery physiologically supplies the tissue of the thigh. The profunda femoris artery is recog-nized the most important collateral vessel for bypassing the obstructed superficial femoral artery and is essential for maintaining limb viability.This paper shows the situation of the artery profunda femoris with superficial artery occlusion, with specific reference to the mor-phometric angiographic manifestations produced by impaired hemodynamics in the lower extremity. The morphologic and mor-phometric characteristics of profunda femoral artery are studied as expression of possible hemodynamic compensation through the hypertrophy of the vessel in the situation of occlusion of superficial femoral artery. This paper show, the situation of the artery profunda femoris with superficial artery occlusion, with specific reference to the mor-phometric angiographic manifestations produced by impaired homodynamic in the lower extremity. The morphologic and morpho-metric characteristics are studied as expression of physiopathology's characteristics of the profunda femoris artery with occlusion of the superficial femoral

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Effect of progesterone on the vaccination and immune response against Chlamydia abortus in sheep.

Chlamydia abortus produces ovine enzootic abortion (OEA). Symptoms are not observed until the organism colonises the placenta, eventually causing abortion. Infected animals become carriers and will shed the organism in the following oestruses. This process suggests that sex hormones might play an important role in the physiopathology of OEA, affecting the success of chlamydial clearance and also jeopardising the effectiveness of vaccination. However, the mechanisms through which sex hormones are involved in chlamydial pathogenicity remain unclear. The aim of this study, therefore, was to determine the effect of progesterone on the immune response against C. abortus and on the protection conferred by an experimental inactivated vaccine in sheep. Eighteen sheep were ovariectomised and divided into four groups: vaccinated and progesterone-treated (V-PG), vaccinated and non-treated (V-NT), non-vaccinated and non-treated (NV-NT) and non-vaccinated and progesterone-treated sheep (NV-PG). Animals from both PG groups were treated with commercial medroxyprogesterone acetate impregnated intravaginal sponges before and during the vaccination (V-PG) or just before challenge (NV-PG). The animals from both V groups were subcutaneously immunised with an experimental inactivated vaccine, which was seen to confer high protection in previous studies. All sheep were challenged intratracheally with C. abortus strain AB7 and were sacrificed on day 8 post-infection. Morbidity was measured as the variation in rectal temperature and samples of sera were collected for antibody and cytokine (IFN-γ and IL-10) analysis by commercial ELISA. In addition, lung and lymph node samples were collected for chlamydial detection by qPCR and for histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses. Sheep from the V-PG group showed less severe or no lesions and lower morbidity than the other groups. They also had the highest abundance of regulatory T-cells. The sheep from V-NT also manifested high antibody levels against C. abortus and less severe lesions than those observed in non-vaccinated sheep, which showed high morbidity, low antibody levels and severe lesions, especially in NV-NT. These results confirm the effectiveness of the experimental vaccine employed and suggest that progesterone could enhance the effect.

Características de las pacientes portadoras de aneurisma de aorta abdominal / Characteristics of patients carriers of aorta abdominal aneurysm

Se realiza un estudio retrospectivo de las características de las pacientes de sexo femenino portadoras de aneurismas de aorta abdominal, distribuyendo las pacientes en tres grupos de tratamiento quirúrgico electivo, urgente y no tratadas. Se consideran factores de riesgo y otras características del aneurisma. Se analizan estos factores y se hacen consideraciones en relación con la información aportada en la bibliografía

A retrospective study of the characteristics of female patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms was carried out, distributing the patients in three groups of elective, urgent and untreated surgical treatment. They are considered risk factors and other features of the aneurysm. These factors are analysed, and considerations are made in relation to the information provided in the bibliography

Historia del soporte de la experimentación animal en el desarrollo de los trasplantes / History of the support of animal experimentation in the development of transplants

Se realiza en el trabajo una descripción histórica del empleo de otras especies especial animales, como soporte de la experimentación en el desarrollo y puesta a punto de las diferentes trasplantes. La mayoría de las aportaciones referenciadas constituyen a hitos en relación a la realización de forma pionera de las técnicas. En otros casos el apunte histórico se refiere a experimentos realizados de forma rutinaria que sirvieron para lograr aportaciones en algún campo puntual y también en el adiestramiento técnico quirúrgico para realizar los trasplantes. Hay referencia también al empleo de animales para la obtención de las vísceras como injertos en su aplicación en el ser humano lo que constituyen los xenoinjertos

A historical description of the use of other animals species, is carried out in the work as a support for the experimentation in the development and implementation of the different transplants. The majority of the referenced contributions constitute milestones in relation to the realization of a pioneering technique. In other cases the historical record refers to routinely performed experiments that served to achieve contributions in a specific field and also in the surgical technical training to perform the transplants. There is also reference to the use of animals for obtaining the viscera as grafts in their application in the human being what constitute the xenografts

Elena Céspedes. La asombrosa historia de una mujer que ejerció de cirujana como varón / Elena Céspedes. The amazing history of a woman who exercises surgeon as a man

A lo largo de la historia se puede considerar que no han sido muchas las mujeres que han podido ejercer como cirujanas en las diferentes civilizaciones y cuando esto ha sido posible en muchos casos han tenido que hacerlo disfrazadas de nombre. El caso de Elena de Céspedes se puede considerar peculiar en primer lugar por su situación biológica de posible hemafroditismo, a lo que se añade su vida venturera ejerciendo múltiples oficios incluido el de soldado hasta llegar a la de médico cirujana que ejerce como varón. El descubrimiento de esta situación la hace que sea acusada de diferentes delitos y al final juzgada por la Inquisición siendo condenada. Resalta en su personalidad su reconocida inteligencia que la hace progresar desde el punto de vista social desde su inicio como esclava hasta lograr acreditarse como cirujano y cirujano sangrador logrando ejercer el oficio con solvencia y maestría. Se la considera referencia como mujer cirujano en la historia de la medicina

Throughout history it can be considered that there have not been many women who have been able to practice as surgeons in diffe-rent civilizations and when this has been possible in many cases they have had to do it disguised as a name. The case of Elena de Céspedes can be considered peculiar in the first place due to her biological situation of possible hemaphroditism, to which is added her life as a trainee exercising multiple trades, including that of a soldier until she becomes a surgeon practicing as a male. The discovery of this situation causes her to be accused of different crimes and in the end judged by the Inquisition to be condemned. Her personality stands out in her well-known intelligence, which makes her progress from the social point of view from her beginning as a slave to becoming accredited as a bleeding surgeon and surgeon, achieving the job with solvency and mastery. It is considered a reference as a female surgeon in the history of medicine